SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Cyril and Methodius</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyril and Methodius</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Saints Cyril and Methodius" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius (disambiguation)">Saints Cyril and Methodius (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></div><br><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Cyril and Methodius</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>"Saints Cyril and Methodius holding the Cyrillic alphabet,"</i> a mural by <a href="Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a> iconographer <a href="Zahari_Zograf" title="Zahari Zograf">Z. Zograf</a>, 1848, <a href="Troyan_Monastery" title="Troyan Monastery">Troyan Monastery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Bishops and Confessors; Equals to the Apostles; Patrons of Europe; Apostles to the Slavs</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">826 or 827 and 815<br><a href="Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, <a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (present-day Greece)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">869-02-14</span>)</span>14 February 869 and <span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">885-04-06</span>)</span>6 April 885 (41 or 42 and 54)<br><a href="Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and Velehrad, <a href="Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a><br><a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><br><a href="Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a><sup id="cite_ref-teccalendar_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teccalendar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><a href="Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11 and 24 May<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>)<br> 14 February (present Latin Catholic calendar); 5 July (Latin Catholic calendar 1880–1886); 7 July (Latin Catholic calendar 1887–1969)<br>5 July (Latin Catholic and Lutheran <a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brothers depicted together; Eastern bishops holding up a church; Eastern bishops holding an <a href="Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of the <a href="Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-patron_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, Cyril is depicted wearing a <a href="Monastic_habit" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic habit">monastic habit</a> and Methodius vested as a bishop with <a href="Omophorion" title="Omophorion">omophorion</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, <a href="Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="Archdiocese_of_Ljubljana" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Ljubljana">Archdiocese of Ljubljana</a>, Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-patron_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Eparchy_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius_of_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Eparchy of Saints Cyril and Methodius of Toronto">Slovak Eparchy of Toronto</a>, <a href="Slovak_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Slovak Catholic Eparchy of Košice">Eparchy of Košice</a><sup id="cite_ref-grkatke-hist_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grkatke-hist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:140%;"><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Mosaic of <a href="Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a>, <a href="Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold">

Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Structure</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a> (<a href="History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of theology</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Church history</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrament#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Sacrament">Holy Mysteries</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">View of Salvation</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Icon#Eastern_Orthodox_teaching" title="Icon">View of icons</a></li></ul>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> / <a href="Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a> / <a href="Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension<br>of Jesus</a></div></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Autonomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephaly</a></li>

<li><a href="Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch</a></li>

<li><a href="Episcopal_polity#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li>

<li><a href="Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law</a></li>

<li><a href="Clergy#Orthodoxy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a></li>

<li><a href="Bishop_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Eastern Orthodox Church)">Bishops</a></li>

<li><a href="Priesthood_(Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Orthodox Church)">Priests</a></li>

<li><a href="Deacon#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Eastern_Catholicism" title="Deacon">Deacons</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Christian_monasticism#Byzantine_monasticism" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism" title="Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism">Degrees</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Orthodox_brotherhood" title="Orthodox brotherhood">Bratstvo</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion:

<ul><li><a href="Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Lands and Slovakia</a></li></ul>

</div>

<p>Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches <i>de jure</i>:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">America</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_Orthodox_Church" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church">North Macedonia</a></li></ul>

</div>

<p>Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukraine (OCU)</a></li></ul>

<p>Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukraine (UOC)</a></li></ul>

</div>

<p><br>

</p>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Sinai (JP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland (EP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonia (EP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Japan (MP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China (MP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Americas (RP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabia (RP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldova (MP)</a></li></ul>

</div>

<p>Semi-Autonomous:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Church_of_Crete" title="Church of Crete">Crete (EP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia (MP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">ROCOR (MP)</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Episcopal assemblies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Australia%2C_New_Zealand%2C_and_Oceania" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania">Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Austria" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Austria">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Belgium%2C_Holland%2C_and_Luxembourg" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg">Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_France" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Germany" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Italy_and_Malta" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Italy and Malta">Italy and Malta</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Latin America</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Scandinavia" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Spain and Portugal">Spain and Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">United States of America</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Noncanonical jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodoxy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_Orthodox_Catholic_Church" title="American Orthodox Catholic Church">American Orthodox Catholic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="American_World_Patriarchates" title="American World Patriarchates">American World Patriarchs</a></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Churches_that_are_unrecognized" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">National</a> churches:</li></ul>

<ul><li><ul><li><a href="Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church" title="Abkhazian Orthodox Church">Abkhazia</a></li>

<li><a href="Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Belarus</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthodox_Church_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Church in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Montenegro" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>

<li><a href="Autocephalous_Turkish_Orthodox_Patriarchate" title="Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate">Turkey</a></li>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Evangelical_Orthodox_Church" title="Evangelical Orthodox Church">Evangelical Orthodox</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First Seven Ecumenical Councils</a>:</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Constantinople II</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Constantinople III</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Nicaea II</a></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li>Other possible ecumenical councils:</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Constantinople IV</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">Constantinople V</a></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li>Other important councils:</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Synod_of_Jassy" title="Synod of Jassy">Jassy</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Moscow_Synod" title="Great Moscow Synod">Moscow</a></li>

<li><a href="Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Constantinople_(1872)" title="Council of Constantinople (1872)">Constantinople (1872)</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus'" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li>

<li><a href="East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li>

<li>Moscow–Constantinople schism

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of Eastern Orthodox theology</a>

<ul><li>(<a href="History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology_in_the_20th_century" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology in the 20th century">20th century (Neo-Palamism)</a>)</li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Contemplative prayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence vs. Energies</a></li>

<li><a href="Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinity" title="Trinity">Holy Trinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li>

<li><a href="Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li>

<li><a href="Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Mystical_theology#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepsis" title="Nepsis">Nepsis</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Oikonomia</a></i> vs <i><a href="Akribeia" title="Akribeia">Akribeia</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Ousia" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li>

<li><a href="Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Differences from the Catholic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_regarding_the_Filioque" title="Eastern Orthodox teaching regarding the Filioque">Opposition to the Filioque</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Opposition to papal supremacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy and worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_Service_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Divine Services</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Akathist" title="Akathist">Akathist</a></li>

<li><a href="Apolytikion" title="Apolytikion">Apolytikion</a></li>

<li><a href="Artos" title="Artos">Artos</a></li>

<li><a href="Ectenia" title="Ectenia">Ectenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">Holy Water</a></li>

<li><a href="Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">Iconostasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Aprakos" title="Aprakos">Aprakos</a></li>

<li><a href="Kontakion" title="Kontakion">Kontakion</a></li>

<li><a href="Entrance_(liturgical)" title="Entrance (liturgical)">Liturgical entrances</a></li>

<li><a href="Liturgical_fan_in_Eastern_Christianity" title="Liturgical fan in Eastern Christianity">Liturgical fans</a></li>

<li><a href="Memorial_service_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Memorial service in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Memorial service</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_Eternal" title="Memory Eternal">Memory Eternal</a></li>

<li><a href="Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li>

<li><a href="Bowing_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Bowing in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox bowing</a></li>

<li><a href="Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li>

<li><a href="Paraklesis" title="Paraklesis">Paraklesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Paschal_greeting" title="Paschal greeting">Paschal greeting</a></li>

<li><a href="Paschal_Homily" title="Paschal Homily">Paschal Homily</a></li>

<li><a href="Paschal_troparion" title="Paschal troparion">Paschal troparion</a></li>

<li><a href="Prayer_rope" title="Prayer rope">Prayer rope</a></li>

<li><a href="Prosphora" title="Prosphora">Prosphora</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian bell ringing</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantron" title="Semantron">Semantron</a></li>

<li><a href="Sign_of_the_cross#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Sticheron" title="Sticheron">Sticheron</a></li>

<li><a href="Troparion" title="Troparion">Troparion</a></li>

<li><a href="Vestment#Byzantine_Rite" title="Vestment">Vestments</a></li>

<li><a href="Thurible#Byzantine_Rite" title="Thurible">Use of incense</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Liturgical calendar</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Paschal_cycle" title="Paschal cycle">Paschal cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_feasts_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church">12 Great Feasts</a></li>

<li>Other feasts:</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Feast_of_Orthodoxy" title="Feast of Orthodoxy">Feast of Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Intercession_of_the_Theotokos" title="Intercession of the Theotokos">Intercession of the Theotokos</a></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li>The four fasting periods:</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostles'_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Apostles' Fast</a></li>

<li><a href="Dormition_Fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition Fast">Dormition Fast</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><a href="List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saints" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saints">Saints</a> (<a href="List_of_Russian_saints_(until_15th_century)" title="List of Russian saints (until 15th century)">Russian (until 15th century)</a>, <a href="List_of_saints_in_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="List of saints in the Russian Orthodox Church">Russian (post-15th century)</a>, <a href="List_of_saints_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="List of saints of the Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a>, <a href="List_of_American_Eastern_Orthodox_saints" title="List of American Eastern Orthodox saints">American</a>)

<ul><li><a href="Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li>

<li><a href="Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li>

<li><a href="Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephraim the Syrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li>

<li><a href="John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">Theodore the Studite</a></li>

<li><a href="Kassia" title="Kassia">Kassia</a></li>

<li><a href="Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius I of Constantinople</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Sava" title="Saint Sava">Sava I of Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></li>

<li><a href="Innocent_of_Alaska" title="Innocent of Alaska">Innocent of Alaska</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture" title="Eastern Orthodox church architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Encyclical_of_the_Eastern_Patriarchs" title="Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs">Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Orthodox_cross" title="Russian Orthodox cross">Cross</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles">Saint titles</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Statistics by country</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Cyril</b> (<a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Κύριλλος</span>, <small><a href="Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Kýrillos</i></span>; born Constantine, 826–869) and <b>Methodius</b> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Μεθόδιος</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Methódios</i></span>; born Michael, 815–885) were brothers, <a href="Population_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Population of the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="Christian_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian theologian">Christian theologians</a> and <a href="Christian_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionaries">missionaries</a>. For their work <a href="Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelizing</a> the <a href="Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, they are known as the "Apostles to the Slavs".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>They are credited with devising the <a href="Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic alphabet</a>, the first alphabet used to transcribe <a href="Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After their deaths, their pupils continued their missionary work among other Slavs. Both brothers are venerated in the <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> as <a href="Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> with the title of "<a href="Equal-to-apostles" title="Equal-to-apostles">equal-to-apostles</a>". In 1880, <a href="Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> introduced their feast into the calendar of the <a href="Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. In 1980, the first Slav pope, <a href="Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> declared them co-<a href="Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saints</a> of Europe, together with <a href="Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Egregiae_Virtutis_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egregiae_Virtutis-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3></div>

<p>The two brothers were born in <a href="Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, at that time in the Byzantine <a href="Thessalonica_(theme)" title="Thessalonica (theme)">province of the same name</a> (today in <a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>) – Cyril in 827–828, and Methodius in 815–820. According to the <i>Vita Cyrilli</i> ("The Life of Cyril"), Cyril was reputedly the youngest of seven brothers; he was born Constantine,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was given the name Cyril upon becoming a monk in Rome shortly before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methodius was born Michael and was given the name Methodius upon becoming a monk in <a href="Polychron" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychron">Polychron</a> Monastery at <a href="Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysian</a> Olympus (present-day <a href="Uluda%C4%9F" title="Uludağ">Uludağ</a> in northwest <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their father was Leo, a <i><a href="Droungarios" title="Droungarios">droungarios</a></i> of the Byzantine <a href="Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a> of Thessalonica, and their mother's name was Maria.

</p><p>The exact ethnic origins of the brothers are unknown; there is controversy as to whether Cyril and Methodius were of <a href="Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavic</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> origin, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two brothers lost their father when Cyril was fourteen, and the powerful minister <a href="Theoktistos" title="Theoktistos">Theoktistos</a>, who was <i><a href="Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">logothetes tou dromou</a></i>, one of the chief ministers of the Empire, became their protector. He was also responsible, along with the regent <a href="Bardas" title="Bardas">Bardas</a>, for initiating a far-reaching educational program within the Empire which culminated in the establishment of the <a href="University_of_Magnaura" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Magnaura">University of Magnaura</a>, where Cyril was to teach. Cyril was ordained as <a href="Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Catholic Church)">priest</a> some time after his education, while his brother Methodius remained a <a href="Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> until 867/868.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission_to_the_Khazars">Mission to the Khazars</h3></div>

<p>About the year 860, <a href="Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a> and the <a href="Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a> <a href="Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a> (a professor of Cyril's at the university and his guiding light in earlier years), sent Cyril on a missionary expedition to the <a href="Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> who had requested a scholar be sent to them who could converse with both Jews and Saracens.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been claimed that Methodius accompanied Cyril on the mission to the Khazars, but this may be a later invention. The account of his life presented in the <a href="Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i>"Legenda"</i> claims that he learned the Khazar language while in <a href="Chersonesos_Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Chersonesos Taurica">Chersonesos</a>, in <a href="Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurica">Taurica</a> (today <a href="Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>).

</p><p>After his return to Constantinople, Cyril assumed the role of professor of <a href="Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> at the university. His brother had by this time become a significant figure in Byzantine political and administrative affairs, and an abbot of his monastery.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_to_the_Slavs">Mission to the Slavs</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Moravia">Great Moravia</h3></div>

<p>In 862, the brothers began the work which would give them their historical importance. That year Prince <a href="Rastislav_of_Moravia" title="Rastislav of Moravia">Rastislav</a> of <a href="Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> requested that Emperor Michael III and the Patriarch Photius send missionaries to evangelize his Slavic subjects. His motives in doing so were probably more political than religious. Rastislav had become king with the support of the <a href="Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> ruler <a href="Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a>, though he subsequently sought to assert his independence from the Franks. That Cyril and Methodius might have been the first to bring Christianity to <a href="Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> is a common misconception; Rastislav's letter to Michael III states clearly that his people "had already rejected paganism and adhere to the Christian law."<sup id="cite_ref-Ivanov_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ivanov-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rastislav is said to have expelled missionaries of the <a href="Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Church</a> and instead turned to Constantinople for ecclesiastical assistance and, presumably, a degree of political support.<sup id="cite_ref-Brit_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Emperor quickly chose to send Cyril, accompanied by his brother Methodius.<sup id="cite_ref-IUN_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUN-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The request provided a convenient opportunity to expand Byzantine influence. Their first work seems to have been the training of assistants. In 863, they began the task of translating the <a href="Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> and essential <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_worship#Liturgical_books" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">liturgical books</a> into what is now known as <a href="Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and travelled to Great Moravia to promote it.<sup id="cite_ref-Pravmir_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pravmir-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This endeavour was amply rewarded. However, they came into conflict with German ecclesiastics, who opposed their efforts to create a specifically Slavic liturgy.

</p><p>For the purpose of this mission, they devised the <a href="Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a>, the first alphabet to be used for Slavonic manuscripts. The Glagolitic alphabet was suited to match the specific features of the Slavic language. Its descendant script, the Cyrillic, is still used by many languages today.<sup id="cite_ref-Brit_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The brothers wrote the first Slavic <a href="Civil_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code">Civil Code</a>, which was used in Great Moravia. The language derived from Old Church Slavonic, known as <a href="Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a>, is still used in the <a href="Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> by several Orthodox Churches, and also in some <a href="Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a> churches.

</p><p>Exactly how much the brothers translated is impossible to say for certain. The <a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and the <a href="Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> seem to have been the first, followed by other lessons from the <a href="Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. The <i>"Translatio"</i> speaks only of a version of the <a href="Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> by Cyril, and the <i>"Vita Methodii"</i> only of the <i>"evangelium Slovenicum"</i>, though other liturgical selections may also have been translated.

</p><p>Nor is it known for sure which liturgy, whether of Rome or of Constantinople, they took as a source. They may well have used the <a href="Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Roman alphabet</a>, as hinted by liturgical fragments adhering closely to the Latin type. This view is confirmed by the "Prague Fragments" and by certain Old <a href="Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> liturgical fragments brought from <a href="Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to <a href="Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> and discovered there by <a href="Izmail_Sreznevsky" title="Izmail Sreznevsky">Izmail Sreznevsky</a>—probably the oldest document in the Slavonic tongue; examples of where they resemble the Latin type include the words <i>"Mass",</i> <i>"Preface",</i> and the name of one Felicitas. Regardless, the circumstances were such that the brothers could have hoped for no lasting success without having had authorization from Rome.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journey_to_Rome">Journey to Rome</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<p>The mission of Constantine and Methodius had great success among Slavs in part because they used the people's native language rather than <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> or Greek. In Great Moravia, Constantine and Methodius also encountered missionaries from <a href="East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>. They would have represented the western, or Latin, branch of the Church, more particularly epitomizing the <a href="Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> as founded by <a href="Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, and intent on linguistic and cultural uniformity. They insisted on the use of the Latin liturgy, and they regarded Moravia and the Slavic peoples as part of their rightful mission field.

</p><p>When friction developed, the brothers, unwilling to be a cause of dissension among Christians, decided to travel to Rome to see the Pope, and seek a solution that would avoid quarrelling between missionaries in the field. In 867, <a href="Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Pope Nicholas I</a> (858-867) invited the brothers to Rome. Their evangelizing mission in Moravia had by this time become the focus of a dispute with Archbishop Adalwin of Salzburg (859–873) and Bishop <a href="Ermanrich%2C_Bishop_of_Passau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermanrich, Bishop of Passau">Ermanrich</a> of <a href="Bishop_of_Passau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Passau">Passau</a> (866-874). They claimed ecclesiastical control of the same territory and wished to see it use the Latin liturgy exclusively.

</p><p>With them they brought the relics of <a href="Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Saint Clement</a> and a retinue of disciples. They passed through <a href="Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> (the <a href="Balaton_Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaton Principality">Balaton Principality</a>), where they were well received by Prince <a href="Koce%C4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Koceľ">Koceľ</a>. This activity in Pannonia made a continuation of conflicts inevitable with the German episcopate, and especially with the bishop of <a href="Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, whose prerogative Pannonia had been for seventy-five years. As early as 865, Bishop Adalwin was found to exercise Episcopal rights there. The administration under him was in the hands of the archpriest Riehbald. He was obliged to retire to Salzburg, though his superior was instinctively disinclined to abandon his claim.

</p><p>The brothers sought support from Rome, and arrived there in 868, where they were warmly received. This was partly due to their bringing with them the relics of Saint Clement; rivalry with Constantinople over the territory of the Slavs would have inclined Rome to value the brothers and their influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Brit_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The brothers were praised for their learning and cultivated for their influence in Constantinople. <a href="Anastasius_Bibliothecarius" title="Anastasius Bibliothecarius">Anastasius Bibliothecarius</a> would later call Cyril "a man of apostolic life" and "a man of great wisdom".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their project in Moravia found support from the new <a href="Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Pope Adrian II</a> (867-872), who formally authorized the use of the new Slavic liturgy.

</p><p>Subsequently, Methodius was ordained as priest by the pope himself, and five Slavic disciples were ordained as priests (<a href="Saint_Gorazd" title="Saint Gorazd">Saint Gorazd</a>, <a href="Clement_of_Ohrid" title="Clement of Ohrid">Saint Clement of Ohrid</a> and <a href="Saint_Naum" title="Saint Naum">Saint Naum</a>) and as deacons (<a href="Saint_Angelar" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Angelar">Saint Angelar</a> and <a href="Saint_Sava_(disciple_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sava (disciple of Saints Cyril and Methodius)">Saint Sava</a>) by the prominent bishops <a href="Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a> and Gauderic.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 10th century Cyril and Methodius along with these five disciples are collectively venerated by the <a href="Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a> as the "<a href="Seven_Apostles_of_Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Apostles of Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Seven Saints</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly made priests officiated in their own language at the altars of some of the principal churches.

</p><p>Feeling his end approaching, Cyril became a <a href="Basilian_monks" title="Basilian monks">Basilian monk</a> and was given the name Cyril.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in Rome fifty days later (14 February 869). There is some question whether he had been made a bishop, as is asserted in the <i>Translatio</i> (ix.). Upon Cyril´s death Methodius was given the title of Archbishop of <a href="Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a> (now <a href="Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Sremska Mitrovica</a> in <a href="Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>) with jurisdiction over all of Moravia and Pannonia, and authority to use the Slavonic Liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-Jugoslovenski_književni_leksikon_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jugoslovenski_književni_leksikon-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statement of the <i>"Vita"</i> that Methodius was made bishop in 870 and not raised to the dignity of an archbishop until 873 is contradicted by the brief of <a href="Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">Pope John VIII</a>, written in June 879, according to which Adrian consecrated him archbishop; John includes in his jurisdiction not only Great Moravia and Pannonia, but Serbia as well.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodius_alone">Methodius alone</h3></div>

<p>Methodius now continued the work among the Slavs alone; not at first in Great Moravia, but in Pannonia (in the <a href="Balaton_Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaton Principality">Balaton Principality</a>). Political circumstances in Greater Moravia were insecure. Rastislav had been taken captive by his nephew <a href="Svatopluk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatopluk I">Svatopluk</a> in 870, then delivered over to <a href="Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman of Bavaria</a>, and condemned in a <a href="Reichstag_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire)">diet</a> held at <a href="Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> at the end of 870. Meanwhile, the East Frankish rulers and their bishops decided to try and depose Methodius. The archiepiscopal claims of Methodius were considered so threatening to the rights of Salzburg that he was captured and forced to answer to East Frankish bishops: Adalwin of Salzburg, Ermanrich of Passau, and Anno of Freising. After heated discussion, they declared the intruder deposed, and ordered him to be sent to Germany. There he was kept prisoner in a monastery for two and a half years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowlus1995165-186_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1995165-186-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Notwithstanding strong representations of the <i><a href="Conversio_Bagoariorum_et_Carantanorum" title="Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum">Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum</a></i>, written in 871 to influence the pope, though not conceding this purpose, Rome declared emphatically for Methodius. He sent a bishop, Paul of <a href="Bishop_of_Ancona" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Ancona">Ancona</a>, to reinstate him and punish his enemies, after which both parties were ordered to appear in Rome with the legate.

Thus in 873, new <a href="Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">Pope John VIII</a> (872-882) secured the release of Methodius, but instructed him to stop using the Slavonic Liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2006319-320_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2006319-320-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodius'_final_years">Methodius' final years</h3></div>

<p>The papal will prevailed, and Methodius secured his freedom and his archiepiscopal authority over both Great Moravia and Pannonia, albeit without the use of Slavonic for <a href="Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass in the Catholic Church</a>. His authority in Pannonia was restricted after Koceľ's death, when the principality was administered by German nobles. However, <a href="Svatopluk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatopluk I">Svatopluk</a> now ruled practically independently in Great Moravia, and he expelled the German clergy. It seems this secured an undisturbed field of operation for Methodius, and the <i>Vita</i> (x.) depicts the next few years (873–879) as a time of fruitful progress. Methodius seems to have disregarded, wholly or in part, the prohibition of the Slavonic liturgy. When <a href="Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> clerics again ventured into the country, revealing a permissive Svatopluk at odds with his punctilious archbishop, this was made a cause of complaint against him at Rome, coupled with charges regarding the <i><a href="Filioque_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Filioque clause">Filioque</a></i>.

</p><p>In 878, Methodius was summoned to Rome on charges of heresy and using Slavonic. This time Pope John was convinced by the arguments that Methodius made in his defence and sent him back cleared of all charges, and with permission to use Slavonic. The Carolingian bishop who succeeded him, <a href="Wiching" title="Wiching">Wiching</a>, a <a href="Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabian</a>, suppressed the Slavonic Liturgy and forced the followers of Methodius into exile. Many found refuge with Knyaz <a href="Boris_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris I of Bulgaria">Boris the Baptizer</a> in <a href="First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>, under whom they reorganized a Slavic-speaking Church. Meanwhile, Pope John's successors adopted a Latin-only policy which lasted for centuries.

</p><p>Methodius vindicated his orthodoxy and promised to obey with regard to the liturgy. He could the more easily defend his omission of <i>Filioque</i> from the creed as this also pertained in Rome at the time. Though <i>Filioque</i> could, by the 6th century, be heard in some Latin-speaking churches in the west, it was not to be until 1014 that Rome followed suit (see <a href="Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>). Methodius' critics were mollified by Methodius having to accept the appointment of Wiching as his coadjutor. When relations between the two factions again became strained, John VIII steadfastly supported Methodius. After his death (December 882) it was the archbishop himself whose position looked insecure. His need for political support, visiting the Eastern emperor, inclined Goetz to accept the account in the <i>Vita</i> (xiii.).

</p><p>Methodius died on 6 April 885<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his body was buried in the main cathedral church of Great Moravia. It still remains an open question which city was capital of Great Moravia. As a result the location of Methodius' body remains uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Upon Methodius' death an animosity erupted into open conflict. Amongst the disciples of Cyril and Methodius, <a href="Clement_of_Ohrid" title="Clement of Ohrid">Clement of Ohrid</a> headed the struggle against the German clergy in Great Moravia along with <a href="Saint_Gorazd" title="Saint Gorazd">Gorazd</a> upon the death of Methodius in 885. Gorazd, whom Methodius had designated as his successor, was not recognised by <a href="Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Pope Stephen V</a>. This pope now also forbade the Slavic liturgy<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and placed as Methodius' successor the infamous Wiching who promptly sent disciples of Cyril and Methodius into exile from Great Moravia.

</p><p>After spending some time in jail, Clement was expelled from Great Moravia, and in 885 or 886 reached the borders of the <a href="First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> together with <a href="Saint_Naum" title="Saint Naum">Naum</a>, <a href="Saint_Angelar" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Angelar">Angelar</a>, and possibly also Gorazd (other sources suggest Gorazd had already died by that time). Angelar soon died after an arrival, but Clement and Naum were afterwards sent to the Bulgarian capital of Pliska, where they were commissioned by <a href="Boris_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris I">Boris I</a> to instruct the future clergy of the state in the Slavonic language. Eventually they were commissioned to establish two theological schools - the <a href="Ohrid_Literary_School" title="Ohrid Literary School">Ohrid Literary School</a> in <a href="Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> and the <a href="Preslav_Literary_School" title="Preslav Literary School">Preslav Literary School</a> in <a href="Veliki_Preslav" title="Veliki Preslav">Preslav</a>. The Preslav Literary School had been originally established in <a href="Pliska" title="Pliska">Pliska</a>, but was moved to Preslav in 893.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invention_of_the_Glagolitic_and_Cyrillic_alphabets">Invention of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets</h2></div>

<p>The Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets are the oldest known Slavic <a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabets</a>, and were created by the two brothers and/or their students, to translate the <a href="Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> and <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_worship#Liturgical_books" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">liturgical books</a><sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into the <a href="Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BritGlago_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritGlago-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The early Glagolitic alphabet was used in Great Moravia between 863 (the arrival of Cyril and Methodius) and 885 (the expulsion of their students) for government and religious documents and books, and at the Great Moravian Academy (<i>Veľkomoravské učilište</i>) founded by Cyril, where followers of Cyril and Methodius were educated, by Methodius himself among others. The alphabet has been traditionally attributed to Cyril. That seems confirmed explicitly by the papal letter <i>Industriae tuae</i> (880) approving the use of Old Church Slavonic, which says that the alphabet was "invented by Constantine the Philosopher". "Invention" need not exclude the brothers having possibly made use of earlier letterforms. Before that time the Slavic languages had no distinct script of their own.

</p><p>The <a href="Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">early Cyrillic alphabet</a> was developed by the disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius at the <a href="Preslav_Literary_School" title="Preslav Literary School">Preslav Literary School</a> at the end of the 9th century as a simplification of the Glagolitic alphabet which more closely resembled the <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> alphabet. The <a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> was devised from the <a href="Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> and <a href="Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyrillic gradually replaced Glagolitic as the alphabet of the Old Church Slavonic language, which became the official language of the <a href="First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> and later spread to the Eastern Slav lands of <a href="Kievan_Rus'" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. Cyrillic eventually spread throughout most of the Slavic world to become the standard alphabet in the <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> Slavic countries. In this way the work of Cyril and Methodius and their disciples enabled the spread of Christianity throughout Eastern Europe.

</p><p>After the adoption of Christianity in 865, religious ceremonies in Bulgaria were conducted in Greek by clergy sent from the Byzantine Empire. Fearing growing Byzantine influence and weakening of the state, Boris viewed the adoption of the Old Slavonic language as a way to preserve the political independence and stability of Bulgaria, so he established two literary schools (academies), in <a href="Pliska" title="Pliska">Pliska</a> and <a href="Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a>, where theology was to be taught in the Slavonic language. While <a href="Naum_of_Preslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Naum of Preslav">Naum of Preslav</a> stayed in Pliska working on the foundation of the <a href="Pliska_Literary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliska Literary School">Pliska Literary School</a> which was moved to Preslav in 893, Clement was commissioned by Boris I to organise the teaching of theology to future clergymen in Old Church Slavonic at the <a href="Ohrid_Literary_School" title="Ohrid Literary School">Ohrid Literary School</a>. Over seven years (886-893) Clement taught some 3,500 students in the Slavonic language and the Glagolitic alphabet.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius'_Day">Saints Cyril and Methodius' Day</h3></div>

<p>Compared to nowadays, the process leading to <a href="Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> was less involved in the decades following Cyril's death. Cyril was regarded by his disciples as a saint soon after his death. His following spread among the nations he evangelized, and subsequently to the wider Christian Church. With his brother Methodius, he was famous as a man of holiness. From the crowds lining the Roman streets during his funeral procession, there were calls for Cyril to be accorded saintly status. The brothers' first appearance in a papal document is in <i>Grande Munus</i> of Leo XIII in 1880. They are known as the "Apostles of the Slavs", and are still highly regarded by both Catholic and Orthodox Christians. Their <a href="Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> is currently celebrated on 14 February in the Catholic Church (to coincide with the date of St Cyril's death); on 11 May in the Eastern Orthodox Church (though for Eastern Orthodox Churches which use the <a href="Julian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Calendar">Julian Calendar</a> this is 24 May according to the <a href="Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>); and on 7 July according to the old sanctoral calendar before the revisions of the <a href="Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>. The celebration also commemorates the introduction of literacy and the preaching of the gospels in the Slavonic language by the brothers. The brothers were declared "Patrons of Europe" in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first recorded secular celebration of Saints Cyril and Methodius' Day as the "Day of the Bulgarian script", as traditionally accepted by <a href="Bulgarian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian history">Bulgarian history</a>, was held in the town of <a href="Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> on 11 May 1851. At the same time a local Bulgarian school was named "Saints Cyril and Methodius". Both acts had been instigated by the prominent Bulgarian educator <a href="Nayden_Gerov" title="Nayden Gerov">Nayden Gerov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an Armenian traveller referred to a "celebration of the Bulgarian script" when he visited the town of <a href="Shumen" title="Shumen">Shumen</a> on 22 May 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Cyril and Methodius are <a href="Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">remembered</a> in the <a href="Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with a <a href="Lesser_Festival_(Anglicanism)" title="Lesser Festival (Anglicanism)">Lesser Festival</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with a lesser feast on the <a href="Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church calendar</a><sup id="cite_ref-teccalendar_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teccalendar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on <a href="February_14" title="February 14">14 February</a>.

</p><p>The day is now celebrated as a <a href="Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">public holiday</a> in the following countries:

</p>

<ul><li>In <a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> it is celebrated on 24 May and is known as the "<a href="Day_of_Slavonic_Alphabet%2C_Bulgarian_Enlightenment_and_Culture" title="Day of Slavonic Alphabet, Bulgarian Enlightenment and Culture">Bulgarian Education and Culture, and Slavonic Script Day</a>" (Bulgarian: Ден на българската просвета и култура и на славянската писменост), a <a href="Public_holidays_in_Bulgaria" title="Public holidays in Bulgaria">national holiday</a> celebrating <a href="Culture_of_Bulgaria" title="Culture of Bulgaria">Bulgarian culture</a> and <a href="Bulgarian_literature" title="Bulgarian literature">literature</a> as well as the alphabet. It is also known as "Alphabet, Culture, and Education Day" (Bulgarian: Ден на азбуката, културата и просвещението). Saints Cyril and Methodius are patrons of the National Library of Bulgaria. There is a monument to them in front of the library. Saints Cyril and Methodius are the most celebrated saints in the Bulgarian Orthodox church, and icons of the two brothers can be found in every church.</li>

<li>In <a href="North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, it is celebrated on 24 May and is known as the "Saints Cyril and Methodius, Slavonic Enlighteners' Day" (<a href="Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: <span lang="mk">Св. Кирил и Методиј, Ден на словенските просветители</span>), a <a href="Public_holidays_in_North_Macedonia" title="Public holidays in North Macedonia">national holiday</a>. The Government of the Republic of Macedonia enacted a statute of the national holiday in October 2006 and the Parliament of the Republic of Macedonia passed a corresponding law at the beginning of 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously it had only been celebrated in the schools. It is also known as the day of the "<a href="Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Solun</a> Brothers" (<a href="Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: <span lang="mk">Солунските браќа</span>).</li>

<li>In the <a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, the two brothers were originally commemorated on 9 March, but <a href="Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> changed this date to 5 July for several reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-CMHoliday_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMHoliday-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Saints Cyril and Methodius are revered there as national saints and their name day (5 July), "Sts Cyril and Methodius Day" is a <a href="Public_holidays_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Public holidays in the Czech Republic">national holiday in Czech Republic</a> and <a href="National_holidays_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="National holidays in Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. In the Czech Republic it is celebrated as "Slavic Missionaries Cyril and Methodius Day" (Czech: Den slovanských věrozvěstů Cyrila a Metoděje); in <a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> it is celebrated as "St. Cyril and Metod Day" (Slovak: Sviatok svätého Cyrila a Metoda).<sup id="cite_ref-CMHoliday_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMHoliday-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, it is celebrated on 24 May and is known as the "Slavonic Literature and Culture Day" (Russian: День славянской письменности и культуры), celebrating Slavonic culture and literature as well as the alphabet. Its celebration is ecclesiastical (11 May in the Church's <a href="Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>). It is not a public holiday in Russia.</li></ul>

<p>The saints' <a href="Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> is celebrated by the <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> on 11 May and by the <a href="Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> on 14 February as "<a href="Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius Day">Saints Cyril and Methodius Day</a>". The <a href="Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran Churches</a> of Western Christianity commemorate the two saints either on 14 February or 11 May. The <a href="Byzantine_Rite_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Rite Lutheranism">Byzantine Rite Lutheran Churches</a> celebrate Saints Cyril and Methodius Day on 24 May.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_commemoration">Other commemoration</h3></div>

<p><a href="SS._Cyril_and_Methodius_National_Library" title="SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library">The national library of Bulgaria</a> in <a href="Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_of_Skopje" title="Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje">Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje</a> in the <a href="North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, and <a href="Veliko_Tarnovo_University" title="Veliko Tarnovo University">St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo</a> in <a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and in <a href="Trnava" title="Trnava">Trnava</a>, Slovakia, bear the name of the two saints. Faculty of Theology at <a href="Palack%C3%BD_University%2C_Olomouc" class="mw-redirect" title="Palacký University, Olomouc">Palacký University</a> in <a href="Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a> (<a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>), bears the name <i>"Saints Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology"</i>. In the United States, <a href="SS._Cyril_and_Methodius_Seminary" title="SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary">SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary</a> in <a href="Orchard_Lake%2C_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchard Lake, Michigan">Orchard Lake, Michigan</a>, bears their name.

</p><p>The <a href="Brotherhood_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius">Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius</a> established in 1846 was short-lived a pro-Ukrainian organization in the <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> to preserve Ukrainian national identity.

</p><p>Saints Cyril and Methodius are the main patron saints of the <a href="Archdiocese_of_Ljubljana" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Ljubljana">Archdiocese of Ljubljana</a>. <a href="Ljubljana_Cathedral" title="Ljubljana Cathedral">Ljubljana Cathedral</a> stands at Cyril and Methodius Square (<a href="Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: <i lang="sl">Ciril–Metodov trg</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also patron saints of the <a href="Slovak_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Slovak Catholic Eparchy of Košice">Greek-Catholic Eparchy of Košice</a> (Slovakia)<sup id="cite_ref-grkatke-hist_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grkatke-hist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="Eparchy_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius_of_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Eparchy of Saints Cyril and Methodius of Toronto">Slovak Greek Catholic Eparchy of Toronto</a>.

</p><p><a href="St._Cyril_Peak" title="St. Cyril Peak">St. Cyril Peak</a> and <a href="St._Methodius_Peak" title="St. Methodius Peak">St. Methodius Peak</a> in the <a href="Tangra_Mountains" title="Tangra Mountains">Tangra Mountains</a> on <a href="Livingston_Island" title="Livingston Island">Livingston Island</a>, <a href="South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a>, in <a href="Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> are named for the brothers.

</p><p>Saint Cyril's remains are interred in a shrine-chapel within the <a href="Basilica_di_San_Clemente" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di San Clemente">Basilica di San Clemente</a> in <a href="Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. The chapel holds a Madonna by <a href="Sassoferrato" title="Sassoferrato">Sassoferrato</a>.

</p><p>The <a href="Basilica_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius_(Danville%2C_Pennsylvania)" title="Basilica of Saints Cyril and Methodius (Danville, Pennsylvania)">Basilica of SS. Cyril and Methodius</a> in <a href="Danville%2C_Pennsylvania" title="Danville, Pennsylvania">Danville, Pennsylvania</a>, (the only <a href="Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> dedicated to SS. Cyril and Methodius in the world) is the motherhouse chapel of the Sisters of SS. Cyril and Methodius, a Catholic women's religious community of <a href="Pontifical_right" title="Pontifical right">pontifical right</a> dedicated to apostolic works of ecumenism, education, evangelization, and elder care.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Order_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius">Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius</a>, originally founded in 1909, is part of the national award system of Bulgaria.

</p><p>In 2021, a <a href="Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">research vessel</a> newly acquired by the <a href="Bulgarian_Navy" title="Bulgarian Navy">Bulgarian Navy</a> was <a href="Ship_christening" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship christening">re-christened</a> <i>Ss. Cyril and Methodius</i> after the saints, with actress <a href="Maria_Bakalova" title="Maria Bakalova">Maria Bakalova</a> as the <a href="Ship_sponsor" title="Ship sponsor">sponsor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Basilica of St.Cyril and Methodius in <a href="Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravian</a> <a href="Velehrad" title="Velehrad">Velehrad</a>, Czech Republic</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Cross Procession in <a href="Khanty-Mansiysk" title="Khanty-Mansiysk">Khanty-Mansiysk</a> on Saints Cyril and Methodius Day in May 2006</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Inauguration of the monument to Saints Cyril and Methodius in <a href="Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a> on Slavonic Literature and Culture Day</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> - monument of the two Saints gift from the <a href="Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a> </div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> - Statue of the two Saints in front of the <a href="SS._Cyril_and_Methodius_National_Library" title="SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library">SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library</a> in <a href="Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> - Statue of the two Saints in front of the <a href="National_Palace_of_Culture" title="National Palace of Culture">National Palace of Culture</a> in <a href="Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> - The monument in <a href="Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> - Statue of Cyril and Methodius near the <a href="Stone_Bridge_(Skopje)" title="Stone Bridge (Skopje)">Stone Bridge</a> in <a href="Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> - <a href="Statues_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius%2C_Charles_Bridge" title="Statues of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Charles Bridge">Statue of Saints Cyril and Methodius</a> at the <a href="Charles_Bridge" title="Charles Bridge">Charles Bridge</a> in <a href="Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> - Saints Cyril and Methodius monument in <a href="Mikul%C4%8Dice" title="Mikulčice">Mikulčice</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> - Statue of Saint Methodius at the <a href="Holy_Trinity_Column_in_Olomouc" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc">Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc</a> in <a href="Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> - The monument in <a href="Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> - the monument in <a href="Khanty-Mansiysk" title="Khanty-Mansiysk">Khanty-Mansiysk</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> - the monument to Saints Cyril and Methodius in <a href="Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Opening of Cyril and Methodius monument in <a href="Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Statue, Saints Cyril and Methodius, <a href="T%C5%99eb%C3%AD%C4%8D" title="Třebíč">Třebíč</a>, Czech Republic</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_in_other_relevant_languages">Names in other relevant languages</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Կիրիլ և Մեթոդիոս</span> (<i>Kiril ev Metodios</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Кірыла і Мяфодзій</span> (<i>Kiryła i Miafodzij</i>) or <span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">Кірыла і Мятода</span></span> (<i>Kiryła i Miatoda</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">Кирил и Методий</span> (<i>Kiril i Metodiy</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: <i lang="hr">Ćiril i Metod</i></li>

<li><a href="Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Cyril a Metoděj</i></li>

<li><a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Κύριλλος καὶ Μεθόδιος</span> (<i>Kýrillos kaí Methódios</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: <span lang="kk">Кирилл және методиус</span> (<i>Kïrïll jäne metodïws</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: <span lang="mk">Кирил и Методиј</span> (<i>Kiril i Metodij</i>)</li>

<li><a href="New_Church_Slavonic" class="mw-redirect" title="New Church Slavonic">New Church Slavonic</a>: Кѷрі́ллъ и҆ Меѳо́дїй (<i>Kỳrill" i Methodij</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи</li>

<li><a href="Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Cyryl i Metody</i></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Chiril și Metodiu</i></li>

<li><a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Кири́лл и Мефодий</span> (<i>Kirill i Mefodij</i>), pre-1918 spelling: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Кириллъ и Меѳодій</span></span> (<i>Kirill" i Methodij</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr">Ћирило и Методије</span> / <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">Ćirilo i Metodije</i></span></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">Cyril a Metod</i></li>

<li><a href="Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: <i lang="sl">Ciril in Metod</i></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Кирило і Мефодій</span> (<i>Kyrylo i Mefodij</i>)</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<ul><li><a href="Cyrillo-Methodian_studies" title="Cyrillo-Methodian studies">Cyrillo-Methodian studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Brotherhood_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius">Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="SS._Cyril_and_Methodius_Seminary" title="SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary">SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary</a> in <a href="Orchard_Lake_Village%2C_Michigan" title="Orchard Lake Village, Michigan">Orchard Lake, Michigan</a>, United States</li>

<li><a href="Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_of_Skopje" title="Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje">SS. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje</a> in <a href="Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, North Macedonia</li>

<li><a href="SS._Cyril_and_Methodius_National_Library" title="SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library">"St. St. Cyril and Methodius" National Library</a> in <a href="Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria</li>

<li><a href="Veliko_Tarnovo_University" title="Veliko Tarnovo University">University of Veliko Turnovo St Cyril and St. Methodius</a> in <a href="Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a>, Bulgaria</li>

<li><a href="Palack%C3%BD_University_of_Olomouc" class="mw-redirect" title="Palacký University of Olomouc">Saints Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology, Palacký University of Olomouc</a> in <a href="Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a>, Czech Republic</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.episcopalchurch.org/lectionary/cyril-and-methodius/">"Cyril and Methodius, Missionaries, 869, 885"</a>. <i>The Episcopal Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516024927/http://www.resurrectionpeople.org/saints.html">"Notable Lutheran Saints"</a>. <i>Resurrectionpeople.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resurrectionpeople.org/saints.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the 21st century this date in the <a href="Julian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Calendar">Julian Calendar</a> corresponds to 24 May in the <a href="Gregorian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian Calendar">Gregorian Calendar</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-patron-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patron_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patron_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Terry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219170931/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintm10.htm">"Methodius"</a>. <i>Patron Saints Index</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintm10.htm">the original</a> on 19 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-grkatke-hist-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grkatke-hist_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grkatke-hist_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grkatke.sk/page1.php?strankaid=epahist">History of the Eparchy of Košice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222143015/http://www.grkatke.sk/page1.php?strankaid=epahist">Archived</a> 22 December 2015 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Slovak)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237540225">"Figures of (trans-) national religious memory of the Orthodox southern Slavs before 1945: an outline on the examples of SS. Cyril and Methodius"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liturgy of the Hours, Volume III, 14 February.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Egregiae_Virtutis-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Egregiae_Virtutis_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_31121980_egregiae-virtutis_lt.html">"Egregiae Virtutis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104182217/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_31121980_egregiae-virtutis_lt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite> <a href="Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times" title="Ecclesiastical letter">Apostolic letter</a> of <a href="Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, 31 December 1980 <span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cyril and Methodius</i>, <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> 2005</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Vita Constantini slavica</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RIdFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA246">Cap. 18: Denkschriften der kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften 19, Wien 1870, p. 246</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapter 18 of the Slavonic <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/fcurta/Cyril.html"><i>Life of Constantine</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121215043926/http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/fcurta/Cyril.html">Archived</a> 15 December 2012 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, an English translation</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English Translation of the 18th Chapter of the <i>Vita Constantini</i>, <a href="Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a>, Proper of Saints, 14 February</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carpatho-rusyn.org/spirit/cyril.htm">"SS.Cyril and Methodius"</a>. <i>www.carpatho-rusyn.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317030046/http://www.carpatho-rusyn.org/spirit/cyril.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<ul><li>1. Mortimer Chambers, Barbara Hanawalt, Theodore Rabb, Isser Woloch, Raymond Grew. <i>The Western Experience with Powerweb</i>. Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education 2002. University of Michigan. p. 214. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780072565447</bdi></li></ul>

...Two Christian brothers of Slavic descent, Cyril and Methodius, set out in about 862 as missionaries from the Byzantine...

<ul><li>2. <i>Balkan Studies</i>, Volume 22. Hidryma Meletōn Chersonēsou tou Haimou (Thessalonikē, Greece). The Institute, 1981. Original from the University of Michigan. p. 381</li></ul>

...Being of Slavic descent, both of them spoke the old Slavic language fluently...

<ul><li>3. Loring M. Danforth. <i>The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World</i>. Princeton University Press, 1995. p. 49 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780691043562</bdi>.</li></ul>

...In the ninth century two brothers Cyril and Methodius, Macedonian educators of Slavic origin from Solun, brought literacy and Christianity to the Slavs...

<ul><li>4. Ihor Ševčenko. <i>Byzantium and the Slavs: In Letters and Culture'</i>. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1991. p. 481. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780916458126</bdi></li></ul>

...63-68 (Cyril and Methodius were Slavs)...There remains that argument for Cyril's and Methodius' Slavic origin which has to do with the Slavic translation of the Gospels and...

<ul><li>5. Roland Herbert Bainton. <i>Christianity: An American Heritage Book Series</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000. p. 156. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780618056873</bdi></li></ul>

...Two missionaries of Slavic origin, Cyril (baptized Constantine) and Methodius, adapted the Greek alphabet and translated both the Bible and the liturgy into the Slavic tongue...

<ul><li>6. John Shea. <i>Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation</i>. McFarland, 1997. p. 56 . <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780786437672</bdi></li></ul>

...Byzantine emperor Michael, on the request of the Moravian prince Ratislav, decided to send Slav priests as educators, he chose the Salonika brothers Cyril and Methodius...

<ul><li>7. <i>UNESCO Features: A Fortnightly Press Service</i>. UNESCO. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1984. University of Michigan</li></ul>

...They may have been of wholly Slavic descent or of mixed Greco-Slav origin...

<ul><li>8. <i>The Pakistan Review</i>, Volume 19. Ferozsons Limited, 1971. University of California. p. 41</li></ul>

...century in Salonika, then one of the largest towns in the Byzantine Empire. The brothers were of Slav origin...

<ul><li>9. <i>Balkania</i>, Volume 7. Balkania Publishing Company, 1973. Indiana University. p. 10</li></ul>

...Cyril and Methodius not only lived among Slavs. ...of Slavonic, which they not only spoke and understood, but in which they also wrote—translated and composed—and for which they invented an alphabet, is proof of their Slav origin...

<ul><li>10. Bryce Dale Lyon, Herbert Harvey Rowen, Theodore S. Hamerow. <i>A History of the Western World</i>, Volume 1. Rand McNally College Pub. Co., 1974. Northwestern University. p. 239</li></ul>

...brothers of Slavic origin, Cyril and Methodius, who, after being ordained at Constantinople, preached the Gospel to the Slavs...

<ul><li>11. Roland Herbert Bainton. The history of Christianity. Nelson, 1964. p. 169</li></ul>

...Two missionaries of Slavic origin, Cyril (baptized Constantine) and Methodius, adapted the Greek alphabet and translated both the Bible and the liturgy into the Slavic tongue...

<ul><li>12. Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason. <i>Encyclopedia of European Peoples: Facts on File library of world history</i>. Infobase Publishing, 2006. p. 752. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781438129181</bdi></li></ul>

...There is disagreement as to whether Cyril and his brother Methodius were Greek or Slavic, but they knew the Slavic dialect spoken in Macedonia...

<ul><li>13. Frank Andrews. <i>Ancient Slavs'</i>. Worzalla Publishing Company, 1976. University of Wisconsin - Madison. p. 163.</li></ul>

...Cyril and Methodius derived from a rich family of Salonica, perhaps of Slavic origin, but Grecized in those times. Methodius (815–885)...

<ul><li>14. Johann Heinrich Kurtz, John Macpherson. <i>Church History</i>. Hodder and Stoughton, 1891. University of California. p. 431</li></ul>

...Born at Thessalonica, and so probably of Slavic descent, at least acquainted with the language of the Slavs,...

<ul><li>15. William Leslie King. <i>Investment and Achievement: A Study in Christian Progress</i>. Jennings and Graham, 1913. Columbia University.</li></ul>

...This man and his brother Cyril became the Methodius and Cyril apostles of the Slavic people. These two brothers seemed to have been raised up for such a mission. They were probably of Slavic descent...</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <cite id="CITEREFBanac2015" class="citation book cs1">Banac, Ivo (9 June 2015). <i>The National Question in Yugoslavia</i>. New York: Cornell University Press. p. 61. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781501701931</bdi>. <q>Matters were complicated when Cyril and Methodius, two Greek brothers from Salonika, undertook to apply the Slavic idioms</q></cite>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHurst1892" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, John Fletcher (1892). <i>Short History of the Christian Church</i>. New York: Harper and brothers. p. 141. <q>Cyril and Methodius, two Greek monks, were the first to introduce the gospel among the Bulgarians.</q></cite></li>

<li><i>Columbia Encyclopedia</i>, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" "Greek missionaries, brothers, called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature."</li>

<li>Encyclopædia Britannica, <i>Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets</i>, 2008, O.Ed. "The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented by St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827–869), and St. Methodius (c. 825–884). These men were Greeks from Thessalonica who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity.</li>

<li><i>Encyclopedia of World Cultures</i>, David H. Levinson, 1991, p.239, s.v., "Social Science"</li>

<li>Eric M. Meyers, <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East</i>, p.151, 1997</li>

<li>Lunt, <i>Slavic Review</i>, June 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, <i>Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies</i>; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, <i>A Handbook of Slavic Studies</i>, p.98</li>

<li>V.Bogdanovich, <i>History of the ancient Serbian literature</i>, Belgrade, 1980, p.119</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHastings1997" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Adrian (1997). <i>The construction of nationhood: ethnicity, religion, and nationalism</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 126. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-62544-0</bdi>. <q>The activity of the brothers Constantine (later renamed Cyril) and Methodius, aristocratic Greek priests who were sent from Constantinople.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1999" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, R. A. (1999). <i>The barbarian conversion: from paganism to Christianity</i>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 327. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-520-21859-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCizevskijZenkovskyPorter1971" class="citation book cs1">Cizevskij, Dmitrij; <a href="Serge_Aleksandr_Zenkovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Serge Aleksandr Zenkovsky">Zenkovsky, Serge A.</a>; Porter, Richard E. (1971). <i>Comparative History of Slavic Literatures</i>. Vanderbilt University Press. p. vi. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8265-1371-9</bdi>. <q>Two Greek brothers from Salonika, Constantine who later became a monk and took the name Cyril and Methodius.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The illustrated guide to the Bible</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 14. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-521462-5</bdi>. <q>In Eastern Europe, the first translations of the Bible into the Slavonic languages were made by the Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius in the 860s</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSmalley1991" class="citation book cs1">Smalley, William Allen (1991). <i>Translation as mission: Bible translation in the modern missionary movement</i>. Macon, Ga.: Mercer. p. 25. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-86554-389-8</bdi>. <q>The most important instance where translation and the beginning church did coincide closely was in Slavonic under the brothers Cyril and Methodius, with the Bible completed by A.D. 880. This was a missionary translation but unusual again (from a modern point of view) because not a translation into the dialect spoken where the missionaries were. The brothers were Greeks who had been brought up in Macedonia.</q></cite></li></ul>

</span></li>

<ul><li>1. Philip Lief Group. <i>Saintly Support: A Prayer For Every Problem</i>. Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2003. p. 37. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780740733369</bdi></li></ul>

...Cyril was born of Greek nobility connected with the senate of Thessalonica, although his mother may have been of Slavic descent...

<ul><li>2. <i>UNESCO Features: A Fortnightly Press Service</i>. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization., 1984. University of Michigan</li></ul>

...They may have been of wholly Slavic descent or of mixed Greco-Slav origin...</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Davis1995" class="citation book cs1">Raymond Davis (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7EuWhDYxM4C&pg=PA254"><i>The Lives of the Ninth-century Popes (Liber Pontificalis): The Ancient Biographies of Ten Popes from A.D. 817-891</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. p. 254. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-85323-479-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20090617.html">"Pope Benedict XVI. "Saints Cyril and Methodius", General Audience 17 June 2009, Libreria Editrice Vaticana"</a>. W2.vatican.va<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ivanov-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ivanov_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vizantiiskoe missionerstvo, Ivanov S. A., Iazyki slavianskoi kul'tury, Moskva 2003, p. 147</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Brit-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica, Cyril and Methodius, Saints, O.Ed., 2008</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-IUN-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUN_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iun.edu/~hisdcl/h113_2001/byzantium.htm">"From Eastern Roman to Byzantine: transformation of Roman culture (500-800)"</a>. Indiana University Northwest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916164425/http://www.iun.edu/~hisdcl/h113_2001/byzantium.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham,_Ladislas1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Abraham, Ladislas (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04592a.htm">"Sts. Cyril and Methodius"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Pravmir-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pravmir_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravmir.com/article_39.html">"Sts. Cyril and Methodius"</a>. Pravmir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307085339/http://www.pravmir.com/article_39.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Vir apostolicae vitae...sapientissimus vir" MGH Epist., 7/2, 1928, p. 436</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frantiskani.sk/kazatel/svati/0727.htm">"Sv. Gorazd a spoločníci"</a> [St. Gorazd and his colleagues]. <i>Franciscan Friars of Slovakia</i> (in Slovak). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015313/http://www.frantiskani.sk/kazatel/svati/0727.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Farmer, The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised, OUP Oxford, 2011, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0191036730</bdi>, p. 94.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721221816/https://www.kashtite.com/en/traditions-and-celebrations/bulgarian-traditions-and-celebrations/seven-saints">"Seven Saints"</a>. Kashtite.com. 27 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kashtite.com/en/traditions-and-celebrations/bulgarian-traditions-and-celebrations/seven-saints">the original</a> on 21 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was and is customary on becoming a monk in the Eastern Orthodox tradition to receive a new name.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Jugoslovenski_književni_leksikon-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jugoslovenski_književni_leksikon_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFĐorđe_Radojičić1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Đorđe Radojičić (1971). Živan Milisavac (ed.). <i>Jugoslovenski književni leksikon</i> [<i>Yugoslav Literary Lexicon</i>] (in Serbo-Croatian). <a href="Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a> (<a href="Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">SAP Vojvodina</a>, <a href="Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">SR Serbia</a>): <a href="Matica_srpska" title="Matica srpska">Matica srpska</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>75.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlus1995165-186-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowlus1995165-186_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowlus1995">Bowlus 1995</a>, p. 165-186.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2006319-320-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2006319-320_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldberg2006">Goldberg 2006</a>, p. 319-320.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Житїе Меөодїя (Life of Methodius), title & chap. XVIII - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default.aspx?tabid=2164">available on-line</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305205114/http://lib.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default.aspx?tabid=2164">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Short Life of Cyril & Methodius. Translated by Ján STANISLAV: Životy slovanských apoštolov Cyrila a Metoda v legendách a listoch. Turčiansky Sv. Martin: Matica slovenská, 1950, p. 88. (Slovak)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard P. McBrien, Lives of the Popes, (HarperCollins, 2000), 144.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BritGlago-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritGlago_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica, <i>Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets</i>, 2008, O.Ed. "The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented by St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827–869), and St. Methodius (c. 825–884). These men were Greeks from Thessalonica who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/in-pictures-ohrid-home-of-cyrillic-05-23-2018">"In Pictures: Ohrid, Home of Cyrillic"</a>. Balkan Insight. 24 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/Martis/contents/doc19.html">"Nikolaos Martis: MACEDONIA"</a>. <i>www.hri.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502164052/http://www.hri.org/Martis/contents/doc19.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"История на България", Том 6 Българско Възраждане 1856–1878, Издателство на Българската академия на науките, София, 1987, стр. 106 (in Bulgarian; in English: "History of Bulgaria", Volume 6 Bulgarian Revival 1856–1878, Publishing house of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1987, page 106).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jubilee speech of the Academician Ivan Yuhnovski, Head of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, held on 23 May 2003, published in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://195.96.224.7/basnews/bulletin/Bul62.pdf">Information Bulletin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203045117/http://195.96.224.7/basnews/bulletin/Bul62.pdf">Archived</a> 3 December 2007 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 3(62), Sofia, 27 June 2003 (in Bulgarian).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Announcement about the eleventh session of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia on 24 October 2006 from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlada.mk/sednici/Oktomvri2006/sednica24-10-2006.htm">official site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610142420/http://www.vlada.mk/sednici/Oktomvri2006/sednica24-10-2006.htm">Archived</a> 10 June 2008 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia (in Macedonian).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CMHoliday-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMHoliday_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMHoliday_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVotruba" class="citation web cs1">Votruba, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/qsonhist/cmholiday.html">"Holiday date"</a>. <i>Slovak Studies Program</i>. University of Pittsburgh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514063632/http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/qsonhist/cmholiday.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukrlc.org/?p=227">"День Св. Кирила та Мефодія, просвітителів слов'янських"</a> (in Ukrainian). <a href="Ukrainian_Lutheran_Church" title="Ukrainian Lutheran Church">Ukrainian Lutheran Church</a>. 24 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.katoliska-cerkev.si/dioceses/the-ljubljana-metropolitan-province">"The Ljubljana Metropolitan Province"</a>. 5 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140305211856/http://en.katoliska-cerkev.si/dioceses/the-ljubljana-metropolitan-province">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2014.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscm.org">"Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius"</a>. Sscm.org. 4 March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623051419/http://sscm.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bta.bg/en/news//33695-Bulgaria-s-First-Military-Research-Vessel-Christened-Ss-Cyril-and-Methodius">"Bulgaria's First Military Research Vessel Christened Ss. Cyril and Methodius"</a>. <a href="Bulgarian_Telegraph_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Telegraph Agency">Bulgarian Telegraph Agency</a>. 27 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBetti2013" class="citation book cs1">Betti, Maddalena (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MdLYAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Making of Christian Moravia (858-882): Papal Power and Political Reality</i></a>. Leiden-Boston: Brill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789004260085</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBowlus1995" class="citation book cs1">Bowlus, Charles R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x5x0BAAAQBAJ"><i>Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788-907</i></a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780812232769</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCurta2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC"><i>Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780521815390</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCurta2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-sqiDwAAQBAJ"><i>Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500-1300)</i></a>. Leiden and Boston: Brill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789004395190</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDvornik1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Francis_Dvornik" title="Francis Dvornik">Dvornik, Francis</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LACpYP-g1y8C"><i>The Slavs in European History and Civilization</i></a>. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780813507996</bdi>.</cite> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFine1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.</a> (1991) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C"><i>The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</i></a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0472081497</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Eric J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyiTg0wgl58C"><i>Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817-876</i></a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780801438905</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKomatina2015" class="citation book cs1">Komatina, Predrag (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13442372">"The Church in Serbia at the Time of Cyrilo-Methodian Mission in Moravia"</a>. <i>Cyril and Methodius: Byzantium and the World of the Slavs</i>. Thessaloniki: Dimos. pp. <span class="nowrap">711–</span>718.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMoravcsik1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Gyula_Moravcsik" title="Gyula Moravcsik">Moravcsik, Gyula</a>, ed. (1967) [1949]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC"><i>Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio</i></a> (2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780884020219</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the Byzantine State</i></a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSubotin-Golubović1999" class="citation book cs1">Subotin-Golubović, Tatjana (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnCgAAAAMAAJ">"Reflection of the Cult of Saint Konstantine and Methodios in Medieval Serbian Culture"</a>. <i>Thessaloniki - Magna Moravia: Proceedings of the International Conference</i>. Thessaloniki: Hellenic Association for Slavic Studies. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>46. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789608595934</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVlasto1970" class="citation book cs1">Vlasto, Alexis P. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780521074599</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWhittow1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Mark_Whittow" title="Mark Whittow">Whittow, Mark</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZFKEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600–1025</i></a>. Basingstoke: Macmillan. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781349247653</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDvornik1964" class="citation journal cs1">Dvornik, F. (1964). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/abs/significance-of-the-missions-of-cyril-and-methodius/BA6950F8E7B59143643C69310833AD20">"The Significance of the Missions of Cyril and Methodius"</a></span>. <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>23</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">195–</span>211. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2492930">10.2307/2492930</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2492930">2492930</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163378481">163378481</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox">

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Saints Cyril and Methodius">Saints Cyril and Methodius</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_19850602_slavorum-apostoli_en.html"><i>Slavorum Apostoli</i> by Pope John Paul II</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/Martis/contents/doc19.html">Cyril and Methodius – Encyclical letter (Epistola Enciclica), 31 December 1980</a> by Pope <a href="John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sts. Cyril and Methodius"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Sts._Cyril_and_Methodius">"Sts. Cyril and Methodius" </a></span>. <i><a href="Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/kyrill_and_methody_e.htm"><i>"Equal to Apostles SS. Cyril and Methodius Teachers of Slavs"</i>, by Prof. Nicolai D. Talberg</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Leo13/l13cym.htm">Pope Leo XIII, "Grande munus: on Saints Cyril and Methodius</a></li>

<li>Bulgarian Official Holidays, National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.bg/?page=history&lng=en&hid=11">in English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609190723/http://www.parliament.bg/?page=history&lng=en&hid=11">Archived</a> 9 June 2008 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.bg/?page=history&lng=bg&hid=11">in Bulgarian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101128090736/http://www.parliament.bg/?page=history&lng=bg&hid=11">Archived</a> 28 November 2010 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li>Bank holidays in the Czech Republic, Czech National Bank: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnb.cz/www.cnb.cz/en/media_service/schedules/media_svatky.html">in English</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnb.cz/cs/verejnost/pro_media/harmonogramy/svatky.html">in Czech</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkanfolk.com/news.php?id=23">24 May – The Day Of Slavonic Alphabet, Bulgarian Enlightenment and Culture</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_languages388" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Slavic_languages388" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="History_of_Proto-Slavic" title="History of Proto-Slavic">Up to Proto-Slavic</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i> (<a href="Proto-Slavic_accent" title="Proto-Slavic accent">Accent</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li>

<li><a href="Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">Modern languages</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorodian</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">dialects</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Odesan_Russian" title="Odesan Russian">Odesan Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">dialects</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></li>

<li><a href="Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="South_Slavic_languages#Transitional_South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">Transitional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Western_South_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Carantanians#Language" title="Carantanians">Alpine Slavic</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li>

<li><a href="Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li>

<li><a href="Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavomolisano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech–Slovak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Biblical_Czech_language" title="Biblical Czech language">Biblical Czech</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li>

<li><a href="Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">White Croatian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Camaldolese_Slovak" title="Camaldolese Slovak">Camaldolese Slovak</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>East Lechitic

<ul><li><a href="Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish dialects">dialects</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Middle_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Polish language">Middle Polish</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a>

<li><a href="Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="West_Lechitic_dialects" title="West Lechitic dialects">West Lechitic</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Marcho-Magdeburgian_dialect" title="Marcho-Magdeburgian dialect">Marcho-Magdeburgian</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Schleifer_dialect" title="Schleifer dialect">Schleifer</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Slavic_microlanguages" title="Slavic microlanguages">Microlanguages</a> <br>and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lemko_dialect" title="Lemko dialect">Lemko</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Podlachian_language" title="Podlachian language">Podlachian</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Polesian" title="West Polesian">West Polesian</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat Bulgarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pomak_language" title="Pomak language">Pomak</a></li>

<li><a href="Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a></li>

<li><a href="Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li>

<li><a href="Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Slavomolisano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li>

<li><a href="Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic dialects of Greece</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Goral_ethnolect" title="Goral ethnolect">Goral</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li>

<li><i>20th century <a href="Bohemian_Romani" title="Bohemian Romani">Bohemian Romani</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mednyj_Aleut_language" title="Mednyj Aleut language">Mednyj Aleut</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Ponaschemu" title="Ponaschemu">Ponaschemu</a></li>

<li><a href="German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Quelia</a></li>

<li><a href="Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Taimyr_Pidgin_Russian" title="Taimyr Pidgin Russian">Taimyr Pidgin Russian</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed<br>languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a>

<ul><li><a href="Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Army_Slavic" title="Army Slavic">Army Slavic</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br>phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Slavic_first_palatalization" title="Slavic first palatalization">Slavic first palatalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Slavic second palatalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavic_liquid_metathesis_and_pleophony" title="Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony">Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony</a></li>

<li><a href="Monophthongization_of_diphthongs_in_Proto-Slavic" title="Monophthongization of diphthongs in Proto-Slavic">Monophthongization</a></li>

<li><a href="Havl%C3%ADk's_law" title="Havlík's law">Havlík's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Illi%C4%8D-Svity%C4%8D's_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Illič-Svityč's law">Illič-Svityč's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Iv%C5%A1i%C4%87's_law" title="Ivšić's law">Ivšić's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Meillet's_law" title="Meillet's law">Meillet's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedersen's_law" title="Pedersen's law">Pedersen's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruki_sound_law" title="Ruki sound law"><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">ruki</i></span> sound law</a></li>

<li><a href="Winter's_law" title="Winter's law">Winter's law</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-06" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Cyril_and_Methodius&oldid=1304545671">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>